AXIS World – Journal of Applied Cross-disciplinary Insights

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: FROM THE OTTOMAN PERIOD TO THE REPUBLICAN ERA

Nejla Zengin — 2026-08-21

This study systematically examines the historical development of Turkish medical terminology from the Ottoman period to the Republican era. In the research, 141 academic sources were screened and analyzed to evaluate historical medical texts. The objective of the study is to chronologically investigate the changes and developments in Turkish medical language from the Ottoman period to the Republican era and to identify the linguistic, cultural, and political factors influencing this process.

The earliest Turkish medical texts written during the Old Anatolian Turkish period demonstrate the potential of the Turkish language to function as a scientific language. During the Ottoman era, with the influx of Arabic and Persian vocabulary, a hybrid use of these three languages became dominant; subsequently, the influence of French increased during the 19th-century Westernization movements. With the comprehensive Turkification reforms initiated in the Republican period, significant progress was made toward conducting medical education in Turkish and establishing Turkish equivalents for foreign terminology. However, a quest for balance between international terminology of Latin and Greek origin and Turkish terms persists today.

In conclusion, the evolution of Turkish medical terminology represents a significant facet of the Turkish language's journey toward becoming a scientific language—a process that continues to this day.

From Cognitive Bias to Algorithmic Bias: A Neuro-Organizational Perspective on Recruitment Processes

Selma Kalkavan — 2026-08-21

Cognitive bias in hiring decisions and algorithmic bias in artificial intelligence systems are largely treated as two independent research streams in the field of management and organization. This study establishes its primary theoretical objective as proposing an original conceptual framework that integrates these two streams and models the transmission mechanism between them. The central argument is based on the premise that algorithmic bias is not merely a technical problem, rather, human neurocognitive patterns are transferred to digital systems through individual decisions, institutional data structures, and algorithmic training processes, and are subsequently reproduced by these systems. Within this framework, the study proposes the concept of “neuro-bias,” which unifies processes treated on separate planes in the current literature within a cross-level transmission mechanism. The article systematically defines the boundaries and originality of the concept, puts forward five testable formal propositions, presents a multi-level framework regarding how the concept can be investigated at individual, institutional, and algorithmic levels, develops a comparative positioning against alternative theoretical approaches, and proposes a four-layered Hybrid Neuro-Organizational Decision Architecture (HNoDA) model that includes automation bias protection. Consequently, the study posits that algorithmic bias is not a technical system flaw, but a multi-level phenomenon fueled by the interactions among individual decision patterns, institutional data structures, and algorithmic learning processes. The proposed neurobias approach and the Hybrid Neuro- Organizational Decision Architecture (HNoDA) provide an integrated theoretical framework for developing fairer, more transparent, and sustainable decision systems in recruitment processes.

Digital Game Use in the Dilemma of Addiction and Benefit: A Qualitative Analysis of Bilateral Effects and Participant Typologies Among University Students

Erhan Kılınç — 2026-08-21

This study aims to qualitatively and in-depth investigate the multidimensional effects of digital gaming on university students’ academic achievement, career choices, social life, and psychological health, adopting a phenomenological design among qualitative research approaches. The study group consists of 50 undergraduate students studying at a provincial campus of a public university, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview form and analyzed through content analysis and thematic analysis. The analysis results indicate that digital gaming cannot be reduced to a unidirectional risk narrative; rather, neutral (45.8%), positive (30.4%), and negative (18.4%) effects coexist simultaneously on a spectrum. An "increase in play duration" was identified among 40.0% of participants; however, this factor alone did not lead to functional impairment, but posed a risk when combined with academic disruption (24.0%) and sleep disorders (24.0%). At the psychological level, the intertwining of anger/aggression (54.0%) and relief/happiness (42.0%) codes evidences the ambivalent nature of gaming. Forty percent of participants were classified under the “Bidirectional Gamer” typology, reporting that games produce both benefits and risks. The research proposes the “Bidirectional Effect Model” to explain the digital gaming experience. Findings suggest that intervention programs should strengthen students’ emotional regulation and academic balance skills rather than focusing solely on screen time.

An Analysis of the Structure, Mechanism, Cost, and Components of the FX-Protected Deposit System

Fikret Kartal — 2026-08-21

In September 2021, as part of the unconventional monetary policy initiated in Türkiye, the policy interest rate began to be lowered. This situation increased demand for foreign currency, resulting in sharp rises in the exchange rate and subsequently in inflation. To maintain low nominal and high negative real interest rates, the Currency Protected Deposit (KKM) system and macroprudential measures were employed. In this study, the developments in key financial indicators such as interest rates, deposits, inflation, and reserves during the KKM (Currency Protected Deposit) process, which was closed to new accounts within 2025 and whose balance declined toward zero by the mid-2026, are analyzed. Additionally, the 58.7 billion USD loss caused by the KKM due to difference payments is demonstrated and evaluated alongside interest expenses within the budget. Arguments made in favor of the KKM, which essentially claim that this system did not cause harm, are addressed under a separate heading from a technical and financial perspective. The study explains that KKM and different macroprudential measures used in the relevant period are not instruments suitable for the free market system, and that they do not possess an identity capable of replacing the interest rate that was intended to be rendered ineffective in monetary policy.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL IN TIMES OF CRISIS: A SCOAP-BASED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Selma Kalkavan — 2026-08-21

Periods of crisis make the importance of leadership behaviors more visible by weakening employees’ psychological resources. Although crisis leadership, Psychological Capital (PsyCap), and resource dynamics have been extensively examined in the literature, the psychological need processes through which leadership behaviors influence employees’ psychological capital remain insufficiently explained. This study presents an integrated conceptual framework linking Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, the Psychological Capital approach, and the SCOAP model within a crisis context. It is proposed that leadership behaviors are interpreted by employees as psychological signals related to self-esteem, control, orientation, attachment, and meaning, and that this interpretive process may influence PsyCap components through perceptions of resource gain or resource loss. The study is based on a conceptual synthesis and theory integration approach. The literatures on crisis leadership, COR theory, PsyCap, SCOAP, and BANI were integrated to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework explaining the relationship between leadership behaviors and employees’ psychological capital. The primary theoretical contribution of the study is the proposition that leadership behaviors may function as psychological need signals and influence PsyCap through this process. The framework provides a conceptual foundation for future empirical research.

FRACTIONAL LEADERSHIP: A CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK PROPOSAL FOR THE TURKISH MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION LITERATURE

Kağan Çavuşoğlu — 2026-08-21

This study conceptually and theoretically examines fractional leadership, drawing on international literature, and introduces the concept to Turkish management and organization studies. Rapidly changing organizational needs, together with the rise of the gig economy and flexible working models, have led organizations to seek more strategic and adaptable leadership solutions. In this context, fractional leadership is considered a next-generation leadership work model that enables organizations to access top-level management experience and capacity within structured time periods, without relying solely on full-time executive employment. The study positions fractional leadership at the intersection of multiple theoretical backgrounds. Accordingly, the concept is examined through the resource-based view, dynamic capabilities, situational leadership theory and network theory perspectives. Based on the reviewed literature, the study identifies the strategic organizational outputs associated with fractional leadership, including strategic flexibility, cost efficiency, knowledge transfer, innovation capacity, and organizational agility. It also clarifies the differences between fractional leadership and related models such as consultancy and interim leadership. By evaluating fractional leadership across different contexts of organizational dynamics, the study argues that it should not be understood merely as an alternative leadership arrangement. Rather, it represents a strategic leadership approach that responds to contemporary organizations’ need for agility, access to specialized executive expertise, and adaptive strategic management. In this respect, the research aims to offer a conceptually and theoretically original contribution to the Turkish management and organization literature.

THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION, HEALTH, AND SOCIAL EXPENDITURES ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EU-27 COUNTRIES: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Yunus Emre Yayla — 2026-08-21

Public expenditures on education, health, and social services improve individuals’ knowledge, skills, and overall quality of life, thereby enhancing the access of low-income groups to economic opportunities and contributing to the reduction of income inequality. As the effectiveness of these public expenditures increases, the redistributive impact of public policies strengthens, supporting the emergence of a more equitable income distribution. This study investigates the effects of education, health, and social expenditures on income distribution in 27 European Union countries over the period 2015–2023 using panel data analysis. According to the results of the panel FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares) estimation, health and social expenditures exhibit a significant inequality-reducing effect. Specifically, a 1% increase in health expenditures decreases the Gini coefficient by an average of 0.0043 points, while a similar increase in social expenditures leads to an improvement of approximately 0.0021 points. In contrast, education expenditures do not show a statistically significant effect on income distribution. Furthermore, the results of the Granger (1969) panel causality test reveal bidirectional causality between education and health expenditures, as well as between health and social expenditures, whereas no significant causal relationships are detected among the other variables.

Algorithmic Identities: The Normative Influence of Social Media on Young Adults' Self-Perception and Consumer Culture

Ebru Erbudak — 2026-08-21

The contemporary digital age and platform capitalism construct a new normative reality that radically colonizes the aesthetic regimes of social life, cultural mediation mechanisms, and the very foundation of individual existence along the axis of algorithmic flows. This transformation necessitates a multi-layered re-evaluation of traditional concepts of identity, habitus, and the presentation of self. This study aims to examine the structural and cultural transformation unfolding through the coding of taste in the era of neoliberal rationality and digitalization, and to discuss the domination practices of the late-capitalist platform regime within the lifeworld of young adults through a multidimensional sociological lens. Rather than gathering empirical field data, the study employs a conceptual and intertextual analysis method within the framework of cultural sociology and digital anthropology literature, based on Shoshana Zuboff’s surveillance capitalism thesis, Bruno Latour’s actor-network theory, Pierre Bourdieu’s extended concept of habitus, Zygmunt Bauman’s analysis of liquid modernity, and Byung-Chul Han's critique of the achievement society. The findings demonstrate that the macroeconomic imperatives of platform capitalism produce a meso-level algorithmic curation and visibility pressure, which is then infiltrated into the individual's embodied habitus at the micro level through cyber-spatial networks and digital metrics. Furthermore, it is argued that the convergence of external algorithmic controls and the internalized mandate for visibility produces a paradoxical ground of subjectivity based on self-exploitation, leading to cultural homogenization, drifting among artificial micro-trends, and a profound erosion of algorithmic identity. In conclusion, the study highlights the necessity of integrating critical algorithmic literacy into educational curricula, examining local spaces of resistance against global homogenization pressures, and developing ethical-legal regulations on the addictive dynamics of platforms.